INGLES 2

Evans Virginia and Dooley Jeny
Upstream
Editorial Express Publishing EU 2005
pp. 151

INGLÉS II

Verbs
Infinitive: to play
Base form: Play
Gerund (ing): Playing
Past participle: Played


SIMPLE PRESENT

En el caso de terceras personas los todos los verbos terminarán en s, es, o ies, en este último caso la y se cambia por i, de la siguiente manera:

s-works
es-brushes
ies- studies

AFF: Subject + verb in base form + complement
NEG: Subject + don´t or doesn´t verb in base form + complement
INT: Do + subject + verb + complement?


AFF: He is a doctor
NEG: He isn’t a doctor
INT: Is he a doctor?

Other verbs
AFF: She plays the guitar
You play the guitar

NEG: don’t/ doesn’t
She doesn’t play the guitar
You don’t play the guitar
INT: do (I, you, we, they) / does (he, she, it)

Uses:
Habits/Routines
Permanent state
Schedule

Modal verbs

Can, could, will, would, should, may, might, have to, must, cough to, hall

AFF: subject + modal verb+ main verb in base form + complement
NEG: subject + modal verb negative + main verb in base form+ complement
INT: modal Verb + subject+ main verb in base form + complement


Example:
Can you whistle?

PRESENT CONTINUOS

I = am
He, she, it = is
We, you, they= are

AFF: Subject + verb to be + main verb in gerund (ing) + complement
They are taking an English lesson.

NEG: Subject + verb to be + not +main verb in gerund + complement
They aren’t taking an English lesson

INT: Verb to be + subject + main verb in gerund + complement
Are they taking an English lesson?

Uses:
Actions happening in the moment of speaking
Processes happening around the time of speaking
Temporality situations
Short term future arrangement (I´m calling my girlfriend tomorrow)

PRESENT PERFECT

Have= I, you, we, they
Has= He, she, it

AFF: Subject + have/has +main verb in past participle + complement
The school has been here since 1970

NEG: Subject + have/has + not + main verb in past participle + complement
The school hasn’t been here since 1970

INT: Have/has + subject + have/has +main verb in past participle + complement
Has the school been here since 1970?

Uses:
Action started in the past continuous that continue today
Experiences
Actions that happened in the past with a visible result in the present

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOS

AFF: Subject +have/ has + been + continuous main verbs gerund+ complement
Erika has been working for 5 hours

NEG: Subject +have/ has + been + not + continuous main verbs gerund+ complement

Erika hasn’t been working for 5 hours
INT: has Erika been working for 5 hours?

Uses:
Emphasize the duration of an action
Express a feeling of anger or annoyment


FUTURE WILL & GOING TO

Will

AFF: Subject + will + verb in base form + complement
He will visit his cousin

NEG: Subject + will + not (won´t) verb in base form + complement
He won´t go diving

INT: Will + subject + verb in base form + complement +?
Will he back soon?

Uses:
Predictions about the future
Promises or- on the spot decisions

Going to:

AFF: Subject + verb to be + going to + verb (ing) + complement
He is going to fly to Italy tonight

NEG: Subject + verb to be + not + going to + verb (ing) + complement
He is not going to have a driving lesson this weekend

INT: Verb to be + Subject + going to + verb (ing) + complement +?
Is he going to have a driving lesson this weekend?

Uses
For plans and intentions for the near future


INGLÉS III

SIMPLE PAST

VERB TO BE

AFF: Subject + verb to be in past (was, were) + complement
She was in the school (Verb to be)


NEG: Subject + verb to be in past (was, were) + not + complement
She wasn’t in the school

INT: Verb to be in past (was, were) + subject + complement +?
Was she in the school?

OTHER VERBS

AFF: Subject + verb in past + complement
You ate cake yesterday

NEG: Subject + didn’t (did not) + verb in base form + complement
You didn’t eat cake yesterday

INT: Did + Subject + verb in base form + complement +?
Did you eat cake yesterday?

Uses:

Talk about past actions in a definitive time

PAST CONTINUOS

Was: I, he, she, it
Were: we, you, they

AFF: Subject + verb to be in past + main verb in gerund + complement
Isaac was dancing on the table

NEG: Subject + verb to be in past + not + main verb in gerund + complement
Isaac wasn`t dancing on the table
INT: Verb to be in past + subject + main verb in gerund + complement +?
Was Isaac dancing on the table?

Uses:

To talk about an action in development in past
To talk about two actions that happened at the same time
Isaac was dancing on the table while the girls were clapping.
An action in development (P.C) interrupted by another actions
Isaac was dancing on the table when the principal came in
Background information

PAST PERFECT

AFF: Subject + had + verb in past participle + complement
Diana had packed her clothes

NEG: Subject + had + not + verb in past participle + complement
Diana hadn`t packed her clothes

INT: Had + Subject + not + verb in past participle + complement +?
Had Diana packed her clothes?


Use
This is used for going back from the past to thinks that had happened earlier

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOS

AFF: Subject + had + been+ verb in gerund + complement
Gaby had been typing letters for 3 hours when she left.

NEG: Subject + had + not + been+ verb in gerund + complement
Gaby hadn’t been typing letters for 3 hours when she left.

INT: Had + Subject + been+ verb in gerund + complement +?
Had Gaby been typing letters for 3 hours?

Use:
Emphasize the duration of an action



FUTURE

SIMPLE (WILL)

AFF: Subject + will + verb in base form + complement
Sara will open a cafeteria

NEG: Subject + will + not (won´t) verb in base form + complement
Sara won’t open a cafeteria

INT: Will + subject + verb in base form + complement +?
Will Sara open a cafeteria?

Uses
Spontaneous decisions
Predictions (think)
Threats
Promises

IDIOMATIC (GOING TO)

AFF: Subject + verb to be + going to + verb (ing) + complement
John is going to buy a car

NEG: Subject + verb to be + not + going to + verb (ing) + complement
John isn´t going to buy a car

INT: Verb to be + Subject + going to + verb (ing) + complement +?
Is John going to buy a car?


Uses
Plans
Predictions (see)
Warning

FUTURE PERFECT

AFF: Subject + will + have+ verb in past participle+ complement
I will have opened my own business

NEG: Subject + will + not + have + verb in past participle + complement
I won’t have opened my own business

INT: Will + Subject + have + verb in past participle + complement
Will you have opened your own business?

Uses
This is used for talking about things that will already complete at a point in the future

SUPERLATIVE

One-syllable adjectives form the superlative by adding-est
Fast + faster + fastest

More than two-syllable adjectives form the superlative with most + adjective
Beautiful + more beautiful + most beautiful

We use the superlative form of/in to compare three or more people or things.

One syllable adjectives ending in a vowel + consonant double consonant and add –est .
Big + bigger + biggest

Two syllable adjectives ending in a consonant + y replace –y with –i and add –est
Happy + happier + happiest